How to write a successful application letter


Why is this necessary?

If, like many learn English in Dublin students, you are looking for a job here, a good letter of application may help you stand out from the rest of the applicants.

Your CV should be accompanied by a letter of application, and these two items form a package. The letter has a number of purposes:

  • It allows you to sell yourself by pointing out key features of your CV.
  • It gives you the opportunity to include material that is not in the CV, especially personal qualities that you listed when making your preparations.
  • It shows a prospective employer that you know how to write a letter. While this may be of decreasing importance in an electronic age, many employers still value it highly, both as a skill in its own right and as a test of your ability to communicate clearly and effectively.

What should go in it?

The letter of application should follow the general guidelines for all business letters. It should have an introduction, a body, and a conclusion.

The introduction: In the introduction you should detail the job you are applying for, and, if relevant, the circumstances that have led to this (for example an advertisement, or the recommendation of an agency).

The body: The body of the letter provides you with an opportunity to present yourself to the employer:

  • Tell the reader about your present job and why you are looking to move on.
  • Explain why you are suitable for this job
  • Emphasize the skills you have which make you particularly suitable for the job
  • List briefly the personal qualities you would bring to it
  • Answer any specific questions posed by the advert or job details

It is important not to write too much, however. Two, or at most three, short punchy paragraphs are much more effective than two sides of rambling prose.

 

The conclusion: The conclusion should round the letter off, leaving the reader with a positive image. It should sum up briefly the selling points made in the body of the letter, mention any items (including the CV) you are enclosing, and express willingness to provide any further information that the reader may want.

What type of things should I write?

Here are some useful expressions:

1) I am writing to you in response to your advertisement in the Washington Post, dated May 13th, 2008.

2) As you can see from my enclosed resume, my experience and accomplishments match this position’s requirements.

3) I would like to point out……(add text that is most relevant to the position.)

4) During my 5 yrs. with Amsted and Querns, I initiated extensive improvements that resulted in garnering 30 more clients for the period ending….

5) I would appreciate the opportunity…. to meet with you to discuss my qualifications for your position, OR,…to speak with you in person.

6) Please accept this letter as an expression of my interest in the position of…

 

8) I believe that my skill-set matches perfectly with your requirements.

9) I possess the right combination of nursing skills to be an asset to your organization.

10) I would welcome the opportunity to meet with you to discuss my potential contributions to your company.

11) I look forward….to hearing back from you….OR…..to your reply.

 

Here’s some language that will help you write the letter that you want:

Note that you do not need to have a huge amount of experience to write a good letter of application. See below:

Dear Mr. Simms,

I am writing to apply for the internship which was advertised on the noticeboard in my school “The New Horizons”.

I am 18 years old, and I have been studying English for four years. I would like the opportunity to practice my English with native speakers abroad. I am also considering working as a tour guide when I finish school, therefore a trip to Ireland would help me learn more about Irish people and culture. I am an excellent student and have been awarded mny prizes for my linguistic skills and for other subjects.

I think an internship is the best way for me to practice my knowledge of English and would provide the company with an excellent opportunity to use my presence to further their relationship with the French market.
I can be contacted at the above address, or by telephone on 111 1111. I look forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely,
Celine Bourson

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Film Vocabulary


 

FILMING

To direct

a film

A film director

A screenplay (the actions and diaogue of a film)

Actor(s) (actress(es) - still used in Europe for female actors)

The soundtrack consists of the dialogues, the

film score (instrumental music), the sound effects and silence.

The sets (the background)

The lighting

The props (objects)

The special effects (images usually created by computer)

To shoot (film) in the studio

To shoot on location (outside the studio)

The shots (a camera image)

 

PICTURE GENRES

Picture (UK) / movie (US)

Feature film (long)

Short film

Silent film

Adventure film

Disaster film

Thriller (that keeps you guessing)

Musical

Animated film/cartoon

documentary film

More types: gangster film, detective film, western, comedy, drama,

science fiction film or space opera, war film, horror film …

 

OTHER USEFUL VOCABULARY

Motion-picture industry

Credits (the names at the end of the film)

To screen a novel (adapt it)

An extra (the people in the films who are not actors)

A stuntman (the person who does the dangerous scenes instead of an actor)

A stunt (a dangerous part of filming usually performed by a stuntman)

An understudy (the person who will replace the actor in case of an emergency - usually in the theatre)

To focus (when the camera lense zooms in)

Blurred (without any defined lines, hard to see)

To dub (to translate the film into another language using voice actors)

An American film dubbed in French

The voice-over (the narration)

The subtitles (a transaltion at the bottom of the screen)

Original version with subtitles

 A cine buff, moviegoer (somebody who loves going to the cinema)

A slow motion (when the action is sower than normal)

A fast motion (the opposite of slow motion)

A trailer (a small part of the film used in cinemas to advertise it)

A flop (an unsuccessful film)

 A box office success / blockbuster

 

 

 
 
 

 

 

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Gerunds vs Infinitives


Here is a brief review of the differences between gerunds and infinitives:

Gerunds are formed with ING:

walking, talking, thinking, listening

Infinitives are formed with TO:

to walk, to talk, to think, to listen


Gerunds and infinitives can do several jobs:

Both gerunds and infinitives can be the subject of a sentence::

Writing in English is difficult.
To write in English is difficult.


Both gerunds and infinitives can be the object of a verb (but whether it is one or the other depends on the verb). In the case of the verb ‘like’ both are possible::

I like writing in English.
I like to write in English.


But…

Only gerunds can be the object of a preposition::

We are talking about writing in English.


It is often difficult to know when to use a gerund and when to use an infinitive. These guidelines may help you:

Gerunds are often used when actions are real, concrete or completed::

I stopped smoking.
(The smoking was real and happened until I stopped.)


Infinitives are often used when actions are unreal, abstract, or future::

I stopped to smoke.
(I was doing something else, and I stopped; the smoking had not happened yet.)

List of Common Verbs Followed By Gerunds

admit enjoy regret
advise finish remember
anticipate forget resent
appreciate keep resist
avoid mention risk
complete mind stop
consider miss suggest
delay postpone tolerate
deny practice understand
discuss quit
dislike recommend


List of Common Verbs Followed By Infinitives

agree prepare appear
fail forget pretend
ask hesitate promise
beg hope refuse
care learn regret
claim manage remember
consent mean seem
decide need threaten
demand offer wait
deserve plan wish
expect prepare want
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Idioms related to music


Music makes the people come together!

Music makes the people come together!

Everybody loves music and that’s why in English we have plenty of idioms that refer to musical instruments. These expressions are really good fun and very common so learn them and impress your friends!!!                                                                                                                                                                              And all that jazz

This idiom means that everything related or similar is included.
Bells on
(USA) To be somewhere with bells on means to arrive there happy and delighted to attend.
Blow your own horn
If you blow your own horn, you boast about your achievements and abilities. (’Blow your own trumpet’ is an alternative form.)
Blow your own trumpet
If someone blows their own trumpet, they boast about their talents and achievements.  (’Blow your own horn’ is an alternative form.)
Call the tune
The person who calls the tune makes the important decisions about something.
Change your tune
If someone changes their ideas or the way they talk about them, they change their tune.
Clear as a bell
If something is as clear as a bell, it is very clear or easy to understand.
Face the music
If you have to face the music, you have to accept the negative consequences of something you have done wrong.
Fiddle while Rome burns
If people are fiddling while Rome burns, they are wasting their time on futile things while problems threaten to destroy them.
Fine tuning
Small adjustments to improve something or to get it working are called fine tuning.
Fit as a fiddle
If you are fit as a fiddle, you are in perfect health.
For a song
If you buy or sell something for a song, it is very cheap.
It takes two to tango
This idiom is used to suggest that when things go wrong, both sides are involved and neither side is completely innocent.
March to the beat of your own drum
If people march to the beat of their own drum, they do things the way they want without taking other people into consideration.
Music to my ears
If something someone says is music to your ears, it is exactly what you had wanted to hear.
Play by ear
If you play by ear, you deal with something in an impromptu manner, without guidelines or rules. It refers to playing music without using written notation.
Play second fiddle
If you play second fiddle, you take a subordinate role behind someone more important.
Pull out all the stops
If you pull out all the stops, you do everything you possibly can to achieve the result you want.
See you on the big drum
A good night phrase to children.
Strike a chord
If strikes a chord, it is familiar to you, reminds you of something or is connected to you somehow.
Toot you own horn
If someone toot their own horn, they like to boast about their achievements.
Whistle for it
If someone says that you can whistle for something, they are determined to ensure that you don’t get it.
Whistle-stop tour
A whistle-stop tour is when someone visits a number of places quickly, not stopping for long.
Whistling Dixie
(USA) If someone is whistling Dixie, they talk about things in a more positive way than the reality.
Whistling in the dark
If someone is whistling in the dark, they believe in a positive result, even though everybody else is sure it will not happen.
You can’t unring a bell
This means that once something has been done, you have to live with the consequences as it can’t be undone.
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Health and Healthcare: Useful Vocabulary


The words below are some of the most important used when talking about Health and Healthcare:

Health and Healthcare - Illnesses

ache - a sharp pain - Used in the following expressions:
ear ache
headache
stomach ache
toothache Other illnesses:
cancer
cold
cough
flu
heart attack
heart disease
infection
infectious disease
pain
virus

Health and Healthcare - Minor Injuries

bruise - an injury that doesn’t break the skin but results in making the skin darker (black, blue or purple)
cut - when the skin opens and produces blood
graze - a cut on the surface of the skin which is not as deep
wound - an injury (often producing blood and generally used to talk about a battle/war)

Health and Healthcare - Treatment

bandage - a piece of soft material that covers and protects an injured part of the body
check-up - the name of a general visit to the doctor
dose (of medicine)
drugs
injection
to give someone an injection (v)
medicine
take medicine (v)
operation
pain-killer - the tablets (medicine) that you take to help you with pain
pill - any round/oval medical tablet (but also specifically used to talk about the contraceptive medicine)
plaster - the sticky band that you put on a small cut
tablet - a square pill
tranquilizer - medicine to make an animal (or sometimes a person) be calmer

Health and Healthcare - People

dentist
doctor
general practitioner - the general name for a private doctor (with no specialisation)
midwife - the woman/man who helps mothers give birth to their children
nurse
patient
specialist
surgeon - the doctor who performs operations

Health and Healthcare - Places

hospital
operating theatre - where operations take place
surgery - a general word used for operations or for the operating theatre
waiting room - part of a hospital/clinic where people wait before the doctor is ready
ward - the department of a hospital

Health and Healthcare - Verbs

catch a cold
cure a disease
heal an illness/wound
hurt your knee
injure yourself
operate on a person
prescribe some medicinetreat a patient
Health and Healthcare - Nouns related to the verbs a prescription - a note from the doctor needed to get medicine in a pharmacy
 
a treatment - the solution offered by a doctor for an illness 

Health and Healthcare - Adjectives

fit
ill
sick
feel sick
be sick
vomit
healthy
unhealthy
painful
unwell
well
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Prefixes


We’ve already looked at suffixes now let’s look at prefixes:

A prefix is placed at the beginning of a word to modify or change its meaning. The word “prefix” is itself made up of the stem fix (meaning “attach”, in this case), and the prefix pre- (meaning “before”), both of which are derived from Latin roots.

Examples of prefixes:

  • unhappy : un is a negative or antonymic prefix.
  • prefix, preview : pre is a prefix, with the sense of “before”
  • redo, review : re is a prefix meaning “again”.

This is a list of the most common prefixes in English, together with their basic meaning and some examples. You can find more detail or precision for each prefix in any good dictionary. The origins of words are extremely complicated. You should use this list as a guide only, to help you understand possible meanings. But be very careful, because often what appears to be a prefix is not a prefix at all. Note also that this list does not include elements like “auto-” or ” bio-”, because these are “combining forms”, not prefixes.

Prefix Meaning Examples
a- also an- not, without atheist, anaemic
a- to, towards aside, aback
in the process of, in a particular state a-hunting, aglow
a- of anew
completely abashed
ab- also abs- away, from abdicate, abstract
ad- also a-, ac-, af-, ag- al-, an-, ap-, at- as-, at- movement to, change into, addition or increase advance, adulterate, adjunct, ascend, affiliate, affirm, aggravate, alleviate, annotate, apprehend, arrive, assemble, attend
ante- before, preceding antecedent, ante-room
anti- also ant- opposing, against, the opposite anti-aircraft, antibiotic, anticlimax, Antarctic
be- all over, all around bespatter, beset
completely bewitch, bemuse
having, covered with bejewelled
affect with (added to nouns) befog
cause to be (added to adjectives) becalm
com- also co-, col-, con-, cor- with, jointly, completely combat, codriver, collude, confide, corrode
contra- against, opposite contraceptive
counter- opposition, opposite direction counter-attack, counteract
de- down, away descend, despair, depend, deduct
completely denude, denigrate
removal, reversal de-ice, decamp
dia- also di- through, across diagonal
dis- also di- negation, removal, expulsion disadvantage, dismount, disbud, disbar
en- also em- put into or on engulf, enmesh
bring into the condition of enlighten, embitter
intensification entangle, enrage
ex- also e-, ef- out exit, exclude, expand
upward exalt, extol
completely excruciate, exasperate
previous ex-wife
extra- outside, beyond extracurricular
hemi- half hemisphere
hyper- beyond, more than, more than normal hypersonic, hyperactive
hypo- under hypodermic, hypothermia
in- also il-, im- not, without infertile, inappropriate, impossible
also il-, im-, ir- in, into, towards, inside influence, influx, imbibe
infra- below infrared, infrastructure
inter- between, among interact, interchange
intra- inside, within intramural, intravenous
non- absence, negation non-smoker, non-alcoholic
ob- also oc-, of-, op- blocking, against, concealing obstruct, occult, offend, oppose
out- surpassing, exceeding outperform
external, away from outbuilding, outboard
over- excessively, completely overconfident, overburdened, overjoyed
upper, outer, over, above overcoat, overcast
peri- round, about perimeter
post- after in time or order postpone
pre- before in time, place, order or importance pre-adolescent, prelude, precondition
pro- favouring, in support of pro-African
acting for proconsul
motion forwards or away propulsion
before in time, place or order prologue
re- again repaint, reappraise, reawake
semi- half, partly semicircle, semi-conscious
sub- also suc-, suf-, sug-, sup-, sur-, sus- at a lower position submarine, subsoil
lower in rank sub-lieutenant
nearly, approximately sub-tropical
syn- also sym- in union, acting together synchronize, symmetry
trans- across, beyond transnational, transatlantic
into a different state translate
ultra- beyond ultraviolet, ultrasonic
extreme ultramicroscopic
un- not unacceptable, unreal, unhappy, unmanned
reversal or cancellation of action or state unplug, unmask
under- beneath, below underarm, undercarriage
lower in rank undersecretary
not enough underdeveloped

Test your prefixes!!!!!

One of the most common uses of prefixes is to make a word negative. For example, happy becomes unhappy by adding un- or satisfied becomes dissatisfied by adding dis-. Here are some positive words, can you guess their negative equivalents?

true

believable

appear

certain

aware

trust

Answers: untrue, unbelievable, disappear, uncertain, unaware, distrust

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Idioms from body parts


Idioms from Body Parts

Each example below has an idiom with a body part(s).  Can you guess the meaning of each idiom from the context?  Try to match each idiom (1-7) with its definition (a-g).

  • a) I don’t like talking to Jim.  He has a big mouth and can’t keep any secrets.

  • b) Everything in that new boutique costs an arm and a leg. I don’t think I can afford to buy anything there.

  • c) I have a sweet tooth: I like chocolate, ice cream, and almost all kinds of desserts.

  • d) Trying to find a parking space downtown is really a pain in the neck.

  • e) There is no test tomorrow.  Don’t believe John. He’s just pulling your leg.

  • f) I put my foot in my mouth when I told my friend that she was getting fat. She got so angry with me!

  • g) I can’t get along with my sister. We don’t see eye to eye on almost anything.

  • Now match them to their definitions:

     

    1) to like sweet foods very much

    2) to talk too much and not keep secrets

    3) to joke, or trick someone

    4) to agree totally

    5) something or someone that is annoying

    6) to be very expensive

    7) say something (usually something inappropriate or stupid) that makes a person feel embarrassed or angry.

     

     

     

    Answers:

    a) 2 b) 6 c) 1 d) 5 e) 3 f) 7 g) 4

     

     

     

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Suffixes


What is a suffix?
A suffix is a word ending. It is a group of letters you can add to the end of a root word*
e.g. walking, helpful

*A root word stands on its own as a word, but you can make new words from it by adding beginnings (prefixes) and endings (suffixes).
For example, ‘comfort‘ is a root word. By adding the prefix ‘dis’ and the suffix ‘able’ you can make new words such as ‘discomfort‘ and ‘comfortable’.

Adding suffixes to words can change or add to their meaning, but most importantly they show how a word will be used in a sentence and what part of speech (e.g. noun, verb, adjective) the word belongs to.

e.g. If you want to use the root word ‘talk’ in the following sentence:
I was (walk) through Stephen’s Green

You need to add the suffix ‘ing‘ so that the word ‘walk’ makes better sense grammatically:
“I was walking through Stephen’s Green”.

There are various suffixes we use. Probably the most common are ‘ed’ and ‘ing’.
Here are some other suffixes and examples.

Suffix Example   Suffix Example
ed walk + ed = walked   ness happy + ness = happiness
ing say + ing = saying   al accident + al = accidental
er tall + er = taller   ary imagine + ary = imaginary
tion educate + tion = education   able accept + able = acceptable
sion divide + sion = division   ly love + ly = lovely
cian music + cian = musician   ment excite + ment = excitement
fully hope + fully = hopefully   ful help + ful + helpful
est large + est = largest   y ease + y = easy

 

NB: Adding a suffix to some root words will change the spelling of the new word. There are some spelling rules to help you learn why and when this happens. More information will be available on the Learn English blog soon!

It is important to know how to use suffixes to form words in English. Here is a quiz that will help you practise:

Suffix Quiz

Which of the following words cannot use the suffix -ful?
a. color-
b. doubt-
c. hope-
d. joy-
e. value-

Which of the following cannot use the suffix -ive?
a. conclus-
b. decis-
c. impress-
d. reduct-
e. reveal-

Which of the following cannot use the suffix -ial?
a. commerc-
b. debat-
c. mart-
d. part-
e. spac-

Which of the following cannot use the suffix -ure?
a. clos-
b. depart-
c. fiss-
d. lect-
e. polit-

Which of the following cannot use the suffix -ion?
a. collect-
b. correct-
c. exhaust-
d. predict-
e. put-

Which of the following cannot use the suffix -ance?
a. allow-
b. brief-
c. deliver-
d. repent-
e. vigil-

Which of the following cannot use the suffix -ness?
a. cheerful-
b. dark-
c. gentle-
d. honest-
e. small-

Which of the following cannot use the suffix -ward?
a. down-
b. for-
c. heaven-
d. home-
e. house-

Which of the following cannot use the suffix -less?
a. care-
b. fear-
c. grand-
d. power-
e. thought-


Check your answers: 1) Valuable 2) revealing 3) debatable 4) Policy 5) put (no suffix - see prefixes)
 6)briefing 7) Honesty 8) Housebound 9) Grandeur
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Idiomatic Expressions with Rain and other expressions starting with ‘r’


Since it’s raining today (and it won’t be the last day in Dublin this happens!), here are some idiomatic expressions with rain and other expressions starting with ‘r’

Expressions with ‘rain’

rain check

- a free ticket to an event in place of one cancelled because of rain

We received two rain checks to the baseball game after it was cancelled because of the rain.

rain check

- a promise to repeat an invitation at a later date

I didn’t have time to go to the restaurant with my friend so I took a rain check instead.

raining cats and dogs

- raining very hard

It has been raining cats and dogs all morning.

Other Expressions with ‘r’

rack one’s brains

- try hard to think or remember something

I have been racking my brains all day trying to remember his name.

raise a fuss

- make trouble, make a disturbance

The woman at the restaurant raised a fuss when her meal arrived late.

raise a hand

- do something, do one’s share, help

Nobody likes him because he will never raise a hand to help his friends.

raise Cain

- create a disturbance, cause trouble

They began to raise Cain at the dance and were asked to leave.

raise eyebrows

- cause surprise or disapproval

It really raised eyebrows when she appeared at the party unannounced.

rake in the money

- make a lot of money

His new pizza franchise has been raking in the money since it first opened.

rake someone over the coals

- scold, reprimand

His boss raked him over the coals when he heard about the lost sales report.

ram (something) down one’s throat

- force one to do or agree to something not wanted

She always tries to ram her ideas down our throats which makes us very angry.

rat out on

- desert or betray someone, leave at a critical time

His friend ratted out on him when he refused to support him in his fight with the neighborhood bully.

rat race

- endless hurried existence

He likes working for a major corporation although sometimes he finds it too much of a rat race.

raw deal

- unfair treatment

he got a raw deal when he was forced to resign from his company.

read between the lines

- find a hidden meaning in something

I know that he didn’t say it but I can read between the lines so I know what he means.

read the riot act

- give someone a strong warning or scolding

The teacher read the riot act to her students when they began to misbehave in class.

real McCoy

- the genuine thing

That new camera is the real McCoy and will let you do everything that you want.

red herring

- something that draws attention away from the matter under consideration

The issue of the pay cut is a red herring and is not related to the main issues.

red letter day

- a day that is memorable because of some important event

Saturday was a red letter day when we finally won the championship.

red tape

- excessive formalities in official transactions

There was much red tape when we went to city hall to get a business license.

regular guy

- a friendly person who everyone gets along with

The former Prime Minister was a regular guy and was well liked by most people.

rest on one’s laurels

- be satisfied with the success one has already won

He is always willing to work hard and is not the type of person to rest on his laurels.

rhyme or reason

- a good plan or reason, a reasonable purpose or explanation

Without rhyme or reason he suddenly decided to quit his job.

ride herd on

- watch closely and control

The new supervisor plans to ride herd on the people who work for him.

ride out

- survive safely, endure

We were able to easily ride out the storm at the small restaurant.

riding high

- attracting attention, enjoying great popularity

The new government has been riding high in the polls for several months now.

right away

- immediately

I forgot to bring the book today but I will go home and get it right away.

right off the bat

- immediately, from the beginning

I told him right off the bat that we didn’t need a new computer for the office.

right on

- indicates approval, “that’s right”, “yes”

He called out “right on” every time that the politician promised a new program to help unemployed people.

right out

- plainly, in a way that hides nothing

He told the new supervisor right out that he did not like him.

right under one’s nose

- in an obvious, nearby place

I found the calculator right under my nose after searching for it for an hour.

ring a bell

- remind one of something

The name doesn’t ring a bell. I’m sure I have never heard of him.

ring up

- add and record on a cash register

I went to the cash register to have them ring up the things that I had bought.

ring up

- telephone someone

You should ring up the police if you see anybody strange around your house.

rip off

- cheat, rob

I was ripped off by the mechanics at that gas station.

road hog

- a car driver who takes up more than his share of the road

My father becomes very angry at the road hogs when he is driving.

rob Peter to pay Paul

- take from one person or thing to pay another

When the government began to take money from education to pay for the medical system it was like robbing Peter to pay Paul.

rob the cradle

- have dates with or marry a person much younger than oneself

Everyone said that my friend was robbing the cradle when he married the young woman at his company.

rock the boat

- upset the way things are

He is a very quiet worker and never likes to rock the boat at work.

roll around

- return at a regular or usual time, come back

Every time that his birthday rolls around he has a big party.

roll in

- arrive in great numbers or quantity

The money has been rolling in since they started the new franchise.

rolling stone

- a person who does not live or work in one place

He is a rolling stone and I never know where to find him.

roll out the red carpet

- welcome an important guest by putting a red carpet down for him or her to walk on

They rolled out the red carpet when the President of France came for a visit.

roll out the red carpet

- make a big effort to greet and entertain someone

Whenever I visit my aunt in New York City she rolls out the red carpet for me.

roll up one’s sleeves

- prepare to work hard or seriously

Everyone in our club rolled up their sleeves to help prepare for the party.

rope into

- trick, persuade by pressuring someone

I didn’t want to help with the dinner but I was roped into doing it by my best friend.

rough and ready

- rough or crude but effective

The boat is rough and ready so let’s take it for a ride.

rough and tumble

- fighting or arguing in a very rough and reckless way

It was a rough and tumble meeting that we attended at the city planning office last night.

rough guess

- an approximate estimate

He made a rough guess as to how many people would come to the party.

rough up

- attack or hurt physically

The three men roughed up the bartender at the hotel and were arrested by the police.

round robin (letter)

- a letter written by a group of people with each person writing part of the letter

We sent a round robin letter to the librarian to ask for better opening hours for the library.

round robin (meeting or discussion)

- a meeting or discussion in which each person in a group takes part

We had a round robin panel discussion on what we could do to help save the environment.

round robin (tournament or contest)

- game or contest in which each player or team plays every other player or team in turn

The round robin tournament was held in order to choose the championship team for the city.

round up

- bring together, collect

We rounded up enough people to play a game of soccer last night.

rub elbows/shoulders

- be in the same place (with others), meet and mix

At the party we were able to rub elbows with many important people.

rub off

- remove or be removed by rubbing, erase

She rubbed off the writing on the whiteboard.

rub off

- pass to someone nearby, transmit to someone

Her bad habit of talking all the time has rubbed off on her husband as well.

rub out

- destroy completely, kill, eliminate

The government troops rubbed out the whole village.

rub someone the wrong way

- irritate others with something one says or does

Her lack of politeness always rubs me the wrong way.

rub something in

- continue to talk or joke about something someone said or did

I know that she made a mistake but you shouldn’t rub it in.

rule out

- decide against, eliminate

They still haven’t ruled out using him on the team for the tournament.

rule the roost

- be the dominant one in the family

She seems rather quiet but she really rules the roost in their family.

run a risk

- unprotected, open to danger or loss

You are running a great risk if you drive with him after he has been drinking.

run around

- go to different places for entertainment or to do things

We ran around all day and now we are very tired.

run around in circles

- act confused, do a lot but accomplish little

I have been running around all day but I can’t seem to get anything done.

run away with

- take quickly and secretly - especially without permission or by stealing

Someone ran away with the dictionary so now we don’t have one.

run away with

- take hold of

Their imagination ran away with them when they went to the circus. They decided that they actually wanted to join the circus.

run away with

- be much better than others, win easily

Our hometown team ran away with the football championship.

run down

- crash against and knock down

My dog was run down by a car last week.

run down

- say bad things about someone, criticize

She is always running down her friends. That is why nobody likes her.

run down

- get into poor health or condition, look bad

She has become run down since she started working at night.

run for it

- dash for safety, make a speedy escape

As soon as it started raining we ran for it and tried to get to the shelter.

run in

- make a brief visit

I ran in to see my sister at her office before I left for the weekend.

run (someone) in

- take to jail, arrest

The police ran the three boys in for questioning about the robbery.

run in the family/blood

- be a common family characteristic

Being a left-handed golfer and baseball hitter runs in our family.

run into

- add up to, total

If you decide to stay in nice hotels during your holiday it will run into a lot of money.

run into

- mix with, join with

During the hot weather the red paint on the roof ran into the white paint.

run into

- be affected by, get into

He ran into trouble when he tried to cross the border with no visa.

run into (something)

- hit something or crash into something

His car ran into the other car on the highway.

run into (someone)

- meet by chance

I ran into him when I was at the supermarket.

run into the ground

- use something more than is wanted or needed

He ran his car into the ground before he had to buy another one.

run off

- produce with a printing press or copy machine

We ran off hundreds of copies of the poster for the festival.

run off with (someone)

- go away with someone, elope

My sister ran off with her boyfriend and got married when she was quite young.

run-of-the-mill

- ordinary, usual

The restaurant was in a run-of-the-mill building but it was superb.

run out (of something)

- use up, come to an end

The car ran out of gas in the middle of the countryside.

run out

- force to leave, expel

The drug dealers were run out of town by the police.

run over

- be too full and flow over the edge

The water in the bathtub ran over the edge and got everything in the room wet.

run over

- try to go over something quickly, practice briefly

We can run over this material tomorrow before the meeting.

run over

- drive on top of, ride over

We ran over a small rabbit on the way to the meeting.

run ragged

- be tired or exhausted

She has been run ragged by her three children.

run scared

- try everything to avoid defeat as in a political campaign

The senator has been running scared in his attempt to win re-election.

run short

- not have enough, be not enough in quantity

We ran short of money during our trip to Europe.

run the gauntlet

- face a hard test or painful experience

He had to run the gauntlet of many interviews before he got the job.

run through

- spend recklessly, use up wastefully

We ran through a lot of money when we were looking for a new apartment.

run through

- read or practice from beginning to end without stopping

I usually try to run through my speech a couple of times before I have to give it.

run up

- add to the amount of something, increase

He ran up a large bill at the department store before he left for home.

run up

- pull something up on a rope

We ran up the flag early this morning before the parade started.

run up against (something)

- encounter

They ran up against many problems when they were building the freeway.

run wild

- be or go out of control

The crowd ran wild after the soccer game.

Russian roulette

- a game of chance in which one bullet is placed in a revolver, the cartridge is spun, and the player aims the gun at his head and pulls the trigger

The men in the movie played Russian roulette until one of them finally died.

Russian roulette

- a potentially dangerous situation

Putting the load of plutonium on the old ship was like playing a game of Russian roulette.

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Irish History: The 1916 Easter Rising


Easter is an important Christian holiday around the world but for Irish people it is also the commemoration of another important event: The 1916 Easter Rising which began the Irish war of Independence.

If you study in Learn English in Dublin, you are very close to the very centre of where the Rising took place. In fact, the bullet holes can still be seen on the pillars of the GPO in O’Connell Street and walking down pas Parnell Square to the GPO, you can see the laneway where the rebels gave themselves up.

Here’s a little more about the Rising:

The 1916 Easter Rising

The Easter Rebellion, was an armed uprising of Irish nationalists against the rule of Great Britain in Ireland. The uprising occurred on Easter Monday, April 24, 1916, and centred mainly in Dublin. The chief objectives were the attainment of political freedom and the establishment of an Irish republic. Centuries of discontent, marked by numerous rebellions, preceded the uprising. The new crisis began to develop in September 1914, following the outbreak of World War I, when the British government suspended the recently enacted Home Rule Bill, which guaranteed a measure of political autonomy to Ireland. Suspension of the bill stimulated the growth of the Citizen Army, an illegal force of Dublin citizens organised by the labour leader Jim Larkin (died 1948) and the socialist James Connolly (1870-1916); of the Irish Volunteers, a national defence body; and of Sinn Fein. The uprising was planned by leaders of these organisations, among whom were the British consular agent Sir Roger David Casement, the educator Padhraic Pearse (1879-1916), and the poet Thomas MacDonagh (1878-1916).

Hostilities began about noon on April 24, when about 2000 men led by Pearse seized control of the Dublin post office and other strategic points within the city. Shortly after these initial successes, the leaders of the rebellion proclaimed the Independence of Ireland and announced the establishment of a provisional government of the Irish Republic. Additional positions were occupied by the rebels during the night, and by the morning of April 25 they controlled a considerable part of Dublin. The counteroffensive by British forces began on Tuesday with the arrival of reinforcements. Martial law was proclaimed throughout Ireland. Bitter street fighting developed in Dublin, during which the strengthened British forces steadily dislodged the Irish from their positions. By the morning of April 29, the post office building, site of the rebel headquarters, was under violent attack. Recognising the futility of further resistance, Pearse surrendered unconditionally in the afternoon of April 29.

The British immediately brought the leaders of the uprising to trial before a field court-martial. Fifteen of the group, including Pearse, Connolly, and MacDonagh, were sentenced to death and executed by firing squad. Four others, including the American-born Eamonn de Valera received death sentences that were later commuted to life imprisonment, although de Valera and some others were granted amnesty the next year. Casement was convicted of treason and hanged. Many others prominently connected with the rebellion were sentenced to long prison terms. Casualties were about 440 British troops and an estimated 75 Irish. Property damage included the destruction of about 200 buildings in Dublin.

The uprising was the first of a series of events that culminated in the establishment of the Irish Free State (predecessor of the Republic of Ireland) in 1921. After the executions and imprisonments, the Irish independence movement grew and finally, in 1921, a Treaty was signed which was the basis for Irish Independence. However, it was a very controversial treaty and started the Irish Civil War which caused the death of many famous Irish leaders including Micheal Collins who was the most famous persona of the War of Independence and a signatory of the Treaty.

Why not ask an Irish person about the Rising?

Irish people know a lot about the Rising and many had grand-parents and great grand-parents who fought in the different locations around Dublin…..so why not ask them a little bit about that important part of history this Easter?

Happy Easter!

 

Dublin Destroyed after the Rising
Dublin Destroyed after the Rising

 

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